logo
   
           
资讯搜索:
新《生活饮用水卫生标准》GB5749-项目解读(6)三溴甲烷
2008年09月22日  来源:中国滤材网  [进入论坛讨论]  编辑:ヤo_o灀懵蝶

1、物质的理化常数:

国标编号

61562

CAS号

75-25-2

中文名称

三溴甲烷

英文名称

tribromomethane;bromoform

别    名

溴仿

分子式

CHBr3

外观与性状

无色重质液体,有似氯仿味

分子量

252.77

蒸汽压

2.67kPa(48℃)

熔  点

6~7℃ 沸点:149.5℃  

溶解性

微溶于水,溶于乙醇、乙醚、氯仿、苯

密  度

相对密度(水=1)2.89

稳定性

稳定

危险标记

14(有毒品)

主要用途

用作溶剂和有机合成中间体

2、对环境的影响:

   遇碱分解,但在水体中则是高度持久性的化合物,不会被生物降解。特别中饮用水中会长期停留,从而造成危害。

一、健康危害

  侵入途径:吸入、食入、经皮吸收。
  健康危害:本品有麻醉和刺激作用,对肝脏有一定损害。轻度中毒有流泪、咽痒、头晕、头痛、无力。严重者有恶心、呕吐、昏迷、抽搐等。可致死。

二、毒理学资料及环境行为

  毒性:三溴甲烷的毒性与二氯甲烷相类似,但毒性强度比二氯甲烷大。它能通过呼吸道、经口对人体严重毒害,也能经粘膜、眼睛甚至皮肤对人体严重毒害作用。
亚急性和慢性毒性:大鼠吸入0.25mg/L,4小时/天,2个月,肝肾功能异常。
  致突变性:微生物致突变:鼠伤寒沙门氏菌50ul/皿。

  污染来源:三溴甲烷用作有机合成的中间体和药物制造。用溴甲烷作为消毒剂、镇痛剂、致冷剂、防火化学品的企业。以上工厂及企业在生产和使用三溴甲烷及贮运过程中的意外事故均会对环境造成危害。
  
  代谢与降解:Lucas曾经在兔子试验中证实,通过直肠或吸入方式给予三溴甲烷后,部分在肝脏中被分解成代谢物,而后在兔子的组织内和排出的尿液内检出了无机溴化物。用三溴甲烷进行直肠麻醉后,可以从尿液中回收溴化钠-.3%-1.2%。环境中的三溴甲烷遇碱分解,但在环境水体中则是高度持久性的化合物,不会被生物降解。

  危险特性:不燃。受高热分解产生有毒的溴化物气体。与锂、钾钠合金接触剧烈反应。
  燃烧(分解)产物:一氧化碳、二氧化碳、溴化氢。

3、现场应急监测方法:

快速检测管法;便携式气相色谱法《突发性环境污染事故应急监测与处理处置技术》万本太主编

4、实验室监测方法:

监测方法

来源

类别

顶空气相色谱法

GB/T17130-1997

水质

吹扫捕集-气相色谱法

中国环境监测总站

水质

气相色谱法

《固体废弃物试验与分析评价手册》中国环境监测总站等译

固体废弃物

色谱/质谱法

美国EPA525方法

水质

5、环境标准:

前苏联

车间空气中有害物质的最高容许浓度

5mg/m3  

前苏联

环境空气中有害物质的最高容许浓度

0.05mg/m3 (日均值 )  

中国(GHZB1-1999)

地表水环境质量标准(I、II、III类水域)

0.04mg/L

6、应急处理处置方法

一、泄漏应急处理

  迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区,并进行隔离,严格限制出入。切断火源。对于甲于三溴甲烷引起的土壤和水体的污染事故处置技术可参照三氯甲烷进行。

⑴对于发生在地面上的污染事故及处置技术主要有:
①迅速用土、沙子或其它可以取到的材料筑成坝以阻止液体的流动,特别要防止其流入附近的水体中,用土壤将其覆盖并将其吸收。也可以在其流动的下方向挖一坑,将其收集在坑内以防四处扩散,然后将液体收集到合适的容器中。
②在处理过程中不要用铁器(如铁勺、铁容器、铁铲等),应改用其它工具,因为铁有助于三溴甲烷分解生成毒性更大的光气。有条件的话,操作人员在处理过程中应戴上防毒面具,或其它防护设备。
③将受污染的土壤清除剥离后集中进行处理。操作应避免在光照条件下进行。

⑵当三溴甲烷液体进入水体后,应设法阻断受污染水域与其它水域的通道,其方法为筑坝使其停止流动;开沟使其流向另一水体(如排污渠)等等。由于三溴甲烷属挥发性卤代烃类,对受其污染的水体最为简便易行处理方法是使用曝气(包括深进曝气)法,使其迅速从水体中逸散到大气中。另外,处理土壤的几种方法也可酌情使用。

二、防护措施

  呼吸系统防护:空气中浓度超标时,应选择佩带自吸过滤式防毒面具(半面罩)。紧急事态抢救或撤离时,佩戴氧气呼吸器。
  眼睛防护:一般不需要特殊防护,高浓度接触时可戴安全防护眼镜。
  身体防护:穿透气型防毒服。
  手防护:戴防化学品手套。
  其它:工作现场禁止吸烟、进食和饮水。工作毕,沐浴更衣。单独存放被毒物污染的衣服。洗后备用。

三、急救措施

  皮肤接触:脱去被污染的衣着,用肥皂水和清水彻底冲洗皮肤。
  眼睛接触:提起眼睑,用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗,就医。
  吸入:迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难,给输氧。如呼吸停止,立即进行人工呼吸。就医。
  食入:饮足量温水,催吐,就医。

 灭火方法:消防人员须佩戴防毒面具、穿全身消防服。灭火剂:泡沫、干粉、二氧化碳、砂土。

Synonyms Bromoform
Tribromomethane
Methane, tribromo-
Analytical Methods EPA Method 502.2

EPA Method 524.1

EPA Method 524.2

EPA Method 601

EPA Method 624

EPA Method 8010B

EPA Method 8021A

EPA Method 8240B

EPA Method 8260A

Molecular Formula CHBr3
Use USED FOR SYNTH OF PHARMACEUTICALS; USED IN SHIPBUILDING, AIRCRAFT, & AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES INGREDIENT IN FIRE-RESISTANT CHEMICALS & GAUGE FLUID CHEM INTERMED FOR ORGANIC SYNTHESIS; SOLVENT FOR WAXES, GREASES, & OILS; REAGENT FOR GRAPHITE ORE FRACTIONATION Medication: sedative Medication: antitussive Medication: antiseptic Used as a heavy liquid floatation agent in mineral separation, sedimentary petrographical surveys, and purification of materials such as quartz; Used as an industrial solvent in liquid-solvent extractions, in nuclear magnetic resonance studies; Used as a catalyst, initiator, or sensitizer in polymer reactions, and in vulcanization of rubber.
Apparent Color HEAVY LIQUID; HEXAGONAL SCALES; COLORLESS TO YELLOW LIQ
Odor CHLOROFORM ODOR
Boiling Point 149.5 DEG C 15 MM HG
Melting Point 8.3 DEG C
Molecular Weight 252.73
Density 2.8899 20 DEG C/4 DEG C
Odor Threshold Concentration In water: detection: 0.3 mg/kg In air: 4.80X10 8 molecules/cu cm
Sensitivity Data EXPOSURE TO BROMOFORM VAPOR CAUSES IRRITATION OF RESPIRATORY TRACT, PHARYNX, LARYNX . Bromoform can cause irritation of the eyes and nose.
Environmental Impact ?Tribromomethane is released to the environment by industrial activities involving bromine and is formed during the chlorination of water, perhaps by the haloform reaction. Release to soil will likely result in leaching to groundwater due to the weak adsorption of tribromomethane to soil; volatilization from moist soil surfaces should also occur. Anaerobic biodegradation may occur, but aerobic biodegradation is not expected to be significant. Hydrolysis is expected to be slow. Release of tribromomethane to the atmosphere will result in the reaction of tribromomethane with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of 1.45 yrs. Direct photolysis in the troposphere is not expected to be significant, but may occur in the stratosphere. Human exposure to tribromomethane will most likely occur due to the ingestion of drinking water or air contaminated with tribromomethane. (SRC
Environmental Fate Polyhalomethanes, including dibromomethane and tribromomethane, have been detected in surface water of the North and South Atlantic, in air samples collected in the lower marine and continental troposphere and in rain as well, collected in southern Germany. ?TERRESTRIAL FATE: The tribromomethane content of secondary wastewater decreased by >10% following percolation through soil treatment basins . The residence time in the basins was 8 hr . Tribromomethane is expected to bind weakly to soil and may, therefore, leach to groundwater. Anaerobic biodegradation may occur, but aerobic biodegradation is not expected to be significant. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be significant ?AQUATIC FATE: The primary fate of tribromomethane in water is expected to be volatilization. Anaerobic biodegradation may also occur but aerobic biodegradation is not expected to be significant. Bioconcentration and hydrolysis (half-life = 686 years) are not expected to be significant ?ATMOSPHERIC FATE: A half-life of 1.45 years was estimated for the reaction of tribromomethane with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere . Direct photolysis in the troposphere is not expected to be a significant degradation process
Drinking Water Impact The EPA has identified at least ten halogenated methanes in finished drinking waters in the USA as of 1975. For tribromomethane, 26 of the 80 cities had positive results. The minimum concentration was 8.0X10-4 mg/l and the maximum concentration was 9.2X10-2 mg/l. ?SURFACE WATER: Eugene, OR - 1% samples pos, 1 ug/L . New Jersey - 604 samples, 32.6% pos, 3.7 ppb maximum . New Jersey - 0.6 ug/L mean . New Orleans/Baton Rouge - not detected-0.57 ug/L, 0.25 ug/L mean . Delaware -280 ppb maximum . Niagara River (lower) - not detected-6 ng/L . Lake Ontario - not detected-7 ng/L ?SURFACE WATER: Allegheny River (at Pittsburgh, PA) - 501 samples, 1.4% pos, 2 at 0.1-1.0 ug/L and 5 at 1.0-10.0 ug/L . Ohio River (at West View, OH) - 113 samples, 9.7% pos, 10 at 0.1- 1.0 ug/L and 1 at 1.0-10.0 ug/L . Ohio River (at Wheeling, WV) - 539 samples, 0.7% pos, 3 at 0.1-1.0 ug/L, 1 at 1.0-10.0 ug/L . Ohio River (at Parkersburg, WV) - 264 samples, 1.5% pos, 4 at 1.0-10.0 ug/L . Kanawha River (at St. Albans, WV) - 257 samples, 1.5% pos, 4 at 1.0-10.0 ug/L . Kanawha River (at St. Albans, WV) - 257 samples, 31.5% pos, 70 at 0.1-1.0 ug/L, 11 at 1.0-10.0 ug/L . Ohio River (at Huntington, WV) - 530 samples, 17.4% pos, 84 at 0.1-1.0 ug/L, 8 at 1.0-10.0 ug/L . Ohio River (at Portsmouth, OH) - 451 samples, 2.0% pos, 6 at 0.1-1.0 ug/L, 3 at 1.0-10.0 ug/L . Ohio River (at Cincinnati, OH) - 717 samples, 0.3% pos, 2 at 0.1-1.0 ug/L . Ohio River (at Louisville, KY) - 712 samples, 0.4% pos, 3 at 0.1-1.0 ug/L . Ohio River (at Evansville, IN) - 632 samples. 0.9% pos, 5 at 0.1-1.0 ug/L, 1 at 1.0-10.0 ug/L . Tribromomethane was detected but not quantified in surface water samples taken in Narragansett Bay, RI ?DRINKING WATER: Various US water treatment plants (80) -not detected-92 ug/L . Unspecified US cities - 12 ug/L mean (of positives), <0.3 ug/L median of all samples . Delaware - 20 ppb in drinking water wells . Tribromomethane was detected but not qualified in drinking water samples taken in Washington, DC , Philadelphia, PA , unspecified US drinking water(6), Japan(7), England(8) ?GROUNDWATER: New Jersey - 1072 samples, 21.9% pos, 34.3 ppb maximum . Delaware - 20 ppb in drinking water wells . Unspecified, randomly selected US sites serving <10,000 persons - 280 samples, 15.7% pos, 2.4 ug/L median (of positives), 54 ug/L maximum . Unspecified, randomly selected US sites serving >10,000 persons - 186 samples, 30.6% pos, 3.8 ug/L median (of positives), 50 ug/L maximum . Unspecified, non-randomly selected US sites serving <10,000 persons - 321 samples, 27.4% pos, 3.7 ug/L median (of positives), 110 ug/L maximum . Unspecified, non-randomly selected US sites serving >10,000 persons - 158 samples, 38.0% pos, 5.1 ug/L median (of positives), 68 ug/L maximum . Tribromomethane was detected but not quantified in groundwater samples taken in New Jersey ?RAIN/SNOW: Oregon (SW of Portland, OR) - Rain samples, not detected-0.50 ng/L, 0.3 ng/L mean EFFL: ?Tribromomethane residues in treated wastewater effluents from several industries were as follows . Nonferrous metals manufacturing - 49 samples, 6.1% pos, not detected-44 ug/L, 2.1 ug/L mean; Pulp and Paperboard Mills - 18 samples, 5.5% pos, not detected-62 ug/L, 10 ug/L mean . Tribromomethane was detected but not quantified in front and tail brine from bromine industries in El Dorado, AR and Magnolia, AR , and in secondary effluents from wastewater treatment plant
 
相关文章:









热门咨询榜
业内人士
 
行业标准
 
研究报告
 
 
   
 
中国滤材网是专业滤材行业B2B门户网站,致力于中国滤材行业技术研发与发展,中国滤材网主要提供滤清器,过滤器,空气过滤器,滤芯,阀门过滤器,配件与材料网上贸易行业服务